Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)

1. Obesity: Excess body weight, particularly abdominal fat, increases the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

2. Physical inactivity: Lack of regular physical activity can contribute to insulin resistance and weight gain, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

3. Genetics: Family history and genetic predisposition play a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes.

4. Age: The risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, particularly after age 45.

5. Poor diet: Diets high in refined carbohydrates, sugar, and saturated fats can contribute to insulin resistance and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

6. Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

1. Frequent urination: Excess glucose in the blood is excreted through urine, leading to increased urination (polyuria).

2. Excessive thirst: Increased urination can result in dehydration, leading to persistent thirst (polydipsia).

3. Increased hunger: Despite eating, individuals may experience constant hunger (polyphagia) due to the body's inability to properly use glucose for energy.

4. Unexplained weight loss: The body starts breaking down muscle and fat for energy when it cannot use glucose properly, leading to unintentional weight loss.

5. Fatigue: Insufficient glucose in cells can result in fatigue and weakness, even with adequate food intake

6. Blurry vision: High blood sugar levels can cause fluid to be pulled from the lenses of the eyes, affecting vision.

1. Symptoms: Individuals with type 2 diabetes may experience symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss or gain, fatigue, blurred vision, slow wound healing, and recurrent infections. However, many people with type 2 diabetes may not experience noticeable symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease.

2. Blood tests: The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is confirmed through blood tests that measure blood glucose levels and other markers of diabetes. The following blood tests are commonly used for diagnosis:

• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test: This test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast. A fasting plasma glucose level of 126 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or higher on two separate occasions is diagnostic of diabetes.

• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): This test measures blood glucose levels before and after consuming a sugary drink. A blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher two hours after drinking the sugary solution is diagnostic of diabetes.

• Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: This blood test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months. A hemoglobin A1C level of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic of diabetes.

1. Random plasma glucose test: In some cases, a random plasma glucose test may be used to diagnose diabetes if classic symptoms of hyperglycemia are present. A random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher, along with symptoms of diabetes, is diagnostic of diabetes.

2. Additional testing: Healthcare providers may also perform other tests to assess pancreatic function, insulin resistance, and complications associated with type 2 diabetes, such as lipid profiles, kidney function tests, and eye examinations.

If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision problems. Management of type 2 diabetes typically involves lifestyle modifications (such as diet and exercise), oral medications, and in some cases, insulin therapy. Early detection and management of type 2 diabetes are crucial for preventing complications and improving long-term outcomes.

Exercise can play a crucial role in managing type 2 diabetes by:

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1. Improves insulin sensitivity: Exercise helps the body use insulin more effectively, allowing glucose to enter cells more efficiently and lowering blood sugar levels.

2. Lowers blood sugar levels: Physical activity causes muscles to contract, which stimulates glucose uptake and utilization, leading to lower blood sugar levels.

3. Aids in weight management: Exercise burns calories and helps to control body weight, reducing insulin resistance and improving blood sugar control.

4. Reduces cardiovascular risk: Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and reducing the risk of heart disease, which is common in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

5. Increases energy expenditure: Physical activity increases energy expenditure, helping to maintain a healthy weight and prevent obesity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

6. Enhances mood and mental well-being: Exercise releases endorphins, which can improve mood, reduce stress, and enhance overall mental well-being, important factors in managing diabetes.

7. Improves overall health: Exercise has numerous health benefits beyond blood sugar control, including strengthening bones, improving sleep quality, and boosting immune function, all of which contribute to overall health and well-being.